Agricultural Land in Tanzania: Investigating the Nexus between Formal and Legitimate Land Ownership and Agricultural Credits Access in the Rural Areas
Corresponding Author(s) : Gelas Rubakula
Journal of Humanities & Social Science (JHSS),
Vol. 13 No. 2 (2024)
Abstract
Most farmers in low-and middle-income countries are constrained by the investment made in the farming activities occasioned by land ownership. Access to credit by households to acquire pieces of land to cultivate might answer the challenge. However, several financial institutions that provide agricultural credit to farmers impose some conditions to be fulfilled where possession of land title is prominent. This study examines the existing relationship between land tenure security and credit access, especially in the rural areas of Tanzania. The survey was cross-sectional, using quantitative data collected in December 2017 to March 2018 from 750 farming households in four districts (Uvinza, Kigoma, Kibondo, and Kasulu) of the Kigoma region. Descriptive results: 91 (12.1%) of the respondents who owned land had title deeds. Having a land title deed and owning a surveyed land were five and twice associated with agricultural credit access, respectively, compared to having none of the documents. The study concludes that access to the agricultural credit scheme is feasible in the rural areas of Tanzania as long as a farmer possess a formalized land.
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- Adekola, O., Krigsholm, P., & Riekkinen, K. (2021). Towards a holistic land law evaluation in sub-Saharan Africa: A novel framework with an application to Rwanda’s organic land law 2005. Land Use Policy, 103, 105291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105291
- Baijukya, F. P., De Ridder, N., Masuki, K. F., & Giller, K. E. (2005). Dynamics of banana-based farming systems in Bukoba district, Tanzania: Changes in land use, cropping and cattle keeping. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 106(4), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.08.010
- Bélair, J. (2021). Farmland investments in Tanzania: The impact of protected domestic markets and patronage relations. World Development, 139, 105298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105298
- Bergius, M., Benjaminsen, T. A., Maganga, F., & Buhaug, H. (2020). Green economy, degradation narratives, and land-use conflicts in Tanzania. World Development, 129, 104850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104850
- Biddulph, R., & Hillbom, E. (2020). Registration of private interests in land in a community lands policy setting: An exploratory study in Meru district, Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 99, 104830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104830
- Collins, A. M., Grant, J. A., & Ackah-Baidoo, P. (2019). The glocal dynamics of land reform in natural resource sectors: Insights from Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 81, 889–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.05.027
- Gwaleba, M. J., & Chigbu, U. E. (2020). Participation in property formation: Insights from land-use planning in an informal urban settlement in Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 92, 104482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104482
- Julien, J. C., Bravo-Ureta, B. E., & Rada, N. E. (2019). Assessing farm performance by size in Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda. Food Policy, 84, 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.03.016
- Kabigi, B., De Vries, W. T., & Kelvin, H. (2021). A neo-institutional analysis of alternative land registration systems in Tanzania: The cases of Babati and Iringa districts. Land Use Policy, 105, 105435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105435
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- Kijima, Y., & Tabetando, R. (2020). Efficiency and equity of rural land markets and the impact on income: Evidence in Kenya and Uganda from 2003 to 2015. Land Use Policy, 91, 104416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104416
- Kombe, W. J. (2000). Regularizing housing land development during the transition to market-led supply in Tanzania. Habitat International, 24(2), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975(99)00036-3
- Kusiluka, M. M., & Chiwambo, D. M. (2019). Acceptability of residential licences as quasi-land ownership documents: Evidence from Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 85, 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.044
- Li, W., Shuai, C., Shuai, Y., Cheng, X., Liu, Y., & Huang, F. (2020). How Livelihood Assets Contribute to Sustainable Development of Smallholder Farmers. Journal of International Development, 32(3), 408–429. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3461
- Ma, X., Wang, R., Dai, M., & Ou, Y. (2021). The influence of culture on the sustainable livelihoods of households in rural tourism destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(8), 1235–1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1826497
- Masamha, B., Uzokwe, V. N., Ntagwabira, F. E., Gabagambi, D., & Mamiro, P. (2019). Gender Influence On Participation in Cassava Value Chains in Smallholder Farming Sectors: Evidence from Kigoma Region, Tanzania. Experimental Agriculture, 55(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479717000552
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- Nicholaus, M., Riziki, S. S., & Robert, K. (2015). Assessment of changes in provision of forest ecosystem goods and services and benefit sharing mechanisms in the Ugalla-Masito Ecosystem: A case of Ilagala and Karago villages in Kigoma Region, Tanzania. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 7(5), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2015.0751
- Nuhu, S. (2019). Land-access systems in peri-urban areas in Tanzania: Perspectives from actors. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 11(2), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2019.1607354
- Owusu, R., Kimengsi, J. N., & Moyo, F. (2021). Community-based Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR): Determinants and policy implications in Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 109, 105664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105664
- Rubakula, G., Wang, Z., & Wei, C. (2019). Land Conflict Management through the Implementation of the National Land Policy in Tanzania: Evidence from Kigoma Region. Sustainability, 11(22), 6315. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226315
- Scheba, A., & Rakotonarivo, O. S. (2016). Territorialising REDD+: Conflicts over market-based forest conservation in Lindi, Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 57, 625–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.028
- Soini, E. (2005). Land use change patterns and livelihood dynamics on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Agricultural Systems, 85(3), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.06.013
- Takeuchi, S. (Ed.). (2022). African Land Reform Under Economic Liberalisation: States, Chiefs, and Rural Communities. Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4725-3
- Uisso, A. M., & Tanr?vermi?, H. (2021). Driving factors and assessment of changes in the use of arable land in Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 104, 105359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105359
- Van Dijk, M. P. (2022). Crop Insurance, a Frugal Innovation in Tanzania, Helps Small Maize Farmers and Contributes to an Emerging Land Market. Land, 11(7), 954. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11070954
- Wineman, A., & Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. (2017a). Land markets and the distribution of land in northwestern Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 69, 550–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.043
- Wineman, A., & Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. O. (2017b). Land Markets and Land Access Among Female-Headed Households in Northwestern Tanzania. World Development, 100, 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.027
- Yang, B., Feldman, M. W., & Li, S. (2021). The Status of Family Resilience: Effects of Sustainable Livelihoods in Rural China. Social Indicators Research, 153(3), 1041–1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02518-1
References
Adekola, O., Krigsholm, P., & Riekkinen, K. (2021). Towards a holistic land law evaluation in sub-Saharan Africa: A novel framework with an application to Rwanda’s organic land law 2005. Land Use Policy, 103, 105291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105291
Baijukya, F. P., De Ridder, N., Masuki, K. F., & Giller, K. E. (2005). Dynamics of banana-based farming systems in Bukoba district, Tanzania: Changes in land use, cropping and cattle keeping. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 106(4), 395–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.08.010
Bélair, J. (2021). Farmland investments in Tanzania: The impact of protected domestic markets and patronage relations. World Development, 139, 105298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105298
Bergius, M., Benjaminsen, T. A., Maganga, F., & Buhaug, H. (2020). Green economy, degradation narratives, and land-use conflicts in Tanzania. World Development, 129, 104850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104850
Biddulph, R., & Hillbom, E. (2020). Registration of private interests in land in a community lands policy setting: An exploratory study in Meru district, Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 99, 104830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104830
Collins, A. M., Grant, J. A., & Ackah-Baidoo, P. (2019). The glocal dynamics of land reform in natural resource sectors: Insights from Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 81, 889–896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.05.027
Gwaleba, M. J., & Chigbu, U. E. (2020). Participation in property formation: Insights from land-use planning in an informal urban settlement in Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 92, 104482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104482
Julien, J. C., Bravo-Ureta, B. E., & Rada, N. E. (2019). Assessing farm performance by size in Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda. Food Policy, 84, 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.03.016
Kabigi, B., De Vries, W. T., & Kelvin, H. (2021). A neo-institutional analysis of alternative land registration systems in Tanzania: The cases of Babati and Iringa districts. Land Use Policy, 105, 105435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105435
Kessy, J. F., Nsokko, E., Kaswamila, A., & Kimaro, F. (2016). Analysis of Drivers and Agents of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Masito Forests, Kigoma, Tanzania. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 6(2), 93–107. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1/2016.6.2/1.2.93.107
Kijima, Y., & Tabetando, R. (2020). Efficiency and equity of rural land markets and the impact on income: Evidence in Kenya and Uganda from 2003 to 2015. Land Use Policy, 91, 104416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104416
Kombe, W. J. (2000). Regularizing housing land development during the transition to market-led supply in Tanzania. Habitat International, 24(2), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975(99)00036-3
Kusiluka, M. M., & Chiwambo, D. M. (2019). Acceptability of residential licences as quasi-land ownership documents: Evidence from Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 85, 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.044
Li, W., Shuai, C., Shuai, Y., Cheng, X., Liu, Y., & Huang, F. (2020). How Livelihood Assets Contribute to Sustainable Development of Smallholder Farmers. Journal of International Development, 32(3), 408–429. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3461
Ma, X., Wang, R., Dai, M., & Ou, Y. (2021). The influence of culture on the sustainable livelihoods of households in rural tourism destinations. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(8), 1235–1252. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1826497
Masamha, B., Uzokwe, V. N., Ntagwabira, F. E., Gabagambi, D., & Mamiro, P. (2019). Gender Influence On Participation in Cassava Value Chains in Smallholder Farming Sectors: Evidence from Kigoma Region, Tanzania. Experimental Agriculture, 55(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479717000552
Msangi, H. A., Waized, B., Löhr, K., Sieber, S., & Ndyetabula, D. W. (2023). Development outcomes of land tenure formalization under customary and statutory land tenure systems in Tanzania: A multinomial endogenous switching regression approach. Agriculture & Food Security, 11(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-022-00403-3
Nicholaus, M., Riziki, S. S., & Robert, K. (2015). Assessment of changes in provision of forest ecosystem goods and services and benefit sharing mechanisms in the Ugalla-Masito Ecosystem: A case of Ilagala and Karago villages in Kigoma Region, Tanzania. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 7(5), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJBC2015.0751
Nuhu, S. (2019). Land-access systems in peri-urban areas in Tanzania: Perspectives from actors. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 11(2), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2019.1607354
Owusu, R., Kimengsi, J. N., & Moyo, F. (2021). Community-based Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR): Determinants and policy implications in Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 109, 105664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105664
Rubakula, G., Wang, Z., & Wei, C. (2019). Land Conflict Management through the Implementation of the National Land Policy in Tanzania: Evidence from Kigoma Region. Sustainability, 11(22), 6315. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226315
Scheba, A., & Rakotonarivo, O. S. (2016). Territorialising REDD+: Conflicts over market-based forest conservation in Lindi, Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 57, 625–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.06.028
Soini, E. (2005). Land use change patterns and livelihood dynamics on the slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. Agricultural Systems, 85(3), 306–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2005.06.013
Takeuchi, S. (Ed.). (2022). African Land Reform Under Economic Liberalisation: States, Chiefs, and Rural Communities. Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4725-3
Uisso, A. M., & Tanr?vermi?, H. (2021). Driving factors and assessment of changes in the use of arable land in Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 104, 105359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105359
Van Dijk, M. P. (2022). Crop Insurance, a Frugal Innovation in Tanzania, Helps Small Maize Farmers and Contributes to an Emerging Land Market. Land, 11(7), 954. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11070954
Wineman, A., & Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. (2017a). Land markets and the distribution of land in northwestern Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 69, 550–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.043
Wineman, A., & Liverpool-Tasie, L. S. O. (2017b). Land Markets and Land Access Among Female-Headed Households in Northwestern Tanzania. World Development, 100, 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.027
Yang, B., Feldman, M. W., & Li, S. (2021). The Status of Family Resilience: Effects of Sustainable Livelihoods in Rural China. Social Indicators Research, 153(3), 1041–1064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02518-1